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Project Details:

Location: Singapore

Photographer: Derek Swalwell / @derek_swalwell

From the Architect: “QR3D is a four-story house recently completed by Park + Associates (P+A) in collaboration with construction innovators CES_InnovFab as a home for Lim Koon Park, founder and principal of P+A. Described as a ‘springboard for implementation,’ the house is not merely a speculative experiment—it’s a living, breathing proof of concept for how 3D printing might reshape our cities.

“While 3D printing for construction in Singapore is certainly not new, it is mainly used for small scale and utilitarian uses, such as feature walls, planter troughs, and prefabricated bathroom units for multiresidential projects—now P+A has demonstrated how it can be used to ‘print’ a building. QR3D is Singapore’s first full-fledged, multistory 3D-printed house, representing a leap for the technology’s use. P+A approached QR3D with characteristic rigor, balancing bold innovation with deep respect for form, function, and memory. The result is a home that wears its construction method proudly—its layered concrete striations left raw and tactile, embracing the very texture of the process. The house comprises more than 90-percent 3D-printed material, created both on-site and off-site using a custom concrete mix. The ambition was twofold: to demonstrate 3D printing’s practical viability in a notoriously high-stakes  industry, and to challenge the perception that digitally-driven architecture must sacrifice emotion at the altar of efficiency.

“At QR3D’s heart is an oculus—a dramatic sculptural void hovering above the dining space. More than an architectural flourish, it is a quiet tribute to Park’s former home, a 1990s-era neoclassical residence that once stood on the same plot. The oculus captures that sense of formality and grandeur, while introducing a passive cooling system that channels hot air up and out through a hidden extractor fan. Light filters through the oculus, casting shifting shadows across circulation spaces and private rooms—Park says his favorite place in the house is the dining area under the oculus the most, for its quality of light that changes throughout different times of the day.

“But beyond aesthetic and emotional resonance, QR3D also redefines constructional logic. 3D printing reduces labor, waste, and the need for multiple trades, simplifying even the most complex architectural gestures into a seamless process. It also minimizes environmental disturbances common to conventional construction—less dust, less noise, less disruption. In pushing the boundaries of what’s possible with digital fabrication, P+A has proven that technology need not come at the cost of soul. QR3D feels neither robotic nor alien. Instead, it feels inevitable—a glimpse of a future where architecture is both technically progressive and deeply human. And in a region as dynamically urban as Southeast Asia, that future can’t come soon enough.”

Tabletop gaming has always relied on the sale of physical items like books and miniatures, so that the companies that support these games can stay in business.

At the same time, there’s a long tradition of tabletop players making their own stuff to use for playing at home, and in some cases even at events. However, with the advent of 3D printing, and especially cheap high-quality FDM printers, theres some controversy in these communities, and it’s not clear how it will be resolved.

3D Printing Is Changing Who Makes the Money

Until 3D printers entered the mainstream, it had never really been possible for regular folks to create detailed plastic models. The injection-molding method used to make, for example, Warhammer figures can cost literally millions of dollars, and every time you need to make a new die for a new figure, that’s thousands of dollars that need to be recouped.

It’s not such a big deal if you can sell millions of little figures at a profit, but 3D printing upends that process. Now anyone with a $300 3D printer can download a file from the internet (or create their own) and print just the number of figures they need. Sure, the quality still isn’t as good as the injection-molded stuff, but it can get really close and with a good paint job you might not even notice.

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Piracy or Passion Project? Depends Who You Ask

There’s obviously the copyright elephant in the room. Printing copies of a licensed design is illegal, but what about creating your own design based on that IP? If you’re not selling it, it’s no different than fan art. It’s just a 3D model instead of a picture.

So if you’re printing out unofficial models to fill out your army, where’s the harm in that if you’re just playing for fun with friends? In the case of Warhammer specifically, its owner, Games Workshop, has softened its stance on 3D printed designs (as reported by Spiky Bits) at official tournaments even.

As long as you’ve designed the parts yourself, and can prove it, you’re good to go. However, they specifically ban prints of third-party commercial designs.

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It’s Never Been Cheaper to Join the Hobby—and That’s a Problem for Some

Getting into tabletop gaming that involves plastic miniatures is not cheap. There are people with collections that they’ve invested thousands of dollars and hours in, who are none too pleased by the whole idea that someone can just print as many models as they like for a few cents a piece.

On the flipside, it’s possible that this lowering of the bar might draw more people into the hobby with smaller budgets. Some of these people may end up spending some money on official products, and on average the companies involved might make even more money, not less. Only time will tell.

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Big Companies Can Push Back—But Should They?

In general, it doesn’t seem like any tabletop companies are going after individuals who print their own tabletop stuff for personal use, and as I just pointed out, some like Games Workshop have even started allowing these in official play. However, there has to be some level of intellectual property defense here.

It makes the most sense to go after those people who are selling bootleg designs for profit, especially where customers might be legitimately confused as to what’s official and what’s not. However, there are also plenty of solo, talented sculptors who might make their models available for a small fee and the optics of going after them might not be great.

That does bring up the interesting possibility of buying these designs, hiring the artists, or splitting the revenue with them. Tabletop gaming companies could even start selling their own licenses for people to legally print minis. There are lots of ways to approach this.

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What Happens When Everyone Brings Their Own Army?

It should be no surprise that 3D printing has disrupted the tabletop gaming world to such an extent, and that players are split over the long-term effects this will have. The truth, however, is that 3D printers aren’t going away.

Besides, 2D printers have been with us for decades, and trading card games like Magic: The Gathering found a way to deal with it. It might not be the same approach that will work for 3D minis, but there has to be some way forward, or these companies will cease to exist.

Which brings up my final little thought in this emerging debate: open-source, community-owned tabletop gaming. Even if there were no more official tabletop gaming companies, the existence of cheap 3D printers (which will only get better) makes it possible for communities to do it all on their own.

You could have a wiki to develop the lore and rules, volunteer designers to make the files, and players would buy 3D printers (or access to them) in order to make their armies. It might sound like a wild idea, but it’s possible today already. So maybe we’ll see something like that happen one day, Emperor-willing.